Conflictos y Olimpiadas: de Berlín 1936 a París 2024

Juegos olímpicos y política Juegos olímpicos y política Revista Global UNAM

Pepe Herrera

Ciudad de México. Bajo los ideales de paz, unión, hermandad y apartidismo, Pierre de Coubertin quiso implementar los Juegos Olímpicos de la era moderna. El padre de esta competencia quería que los deportistas contendieran con el único objetivo de buscar gloria, pero esa ilusión se fue desvaneciendo con la influencia política.

Por ejemplo, en 1936 los nazis vieron en los Juegos Olímpicos de Berlín un medio para demostrar su superioridad. En Melbourne 1956, Taiwán fue reconocido como país y provocó que China se retirara. México 1968 fue testigo de las distintas protestas que deportistas afroamericanos realizaron contra Sudáfrica. En Múnich 1972, un grupo extremista palestino asesinó a 11 atletas israelíes.

La relación de las Olimpiadas y la política

La relación de las Olimpiadas y la política a lo largo de la historia, así como los conflictos políticos y bélicos contemporáneos a los Juegos Olímpicos de París 2024, serán analizados en este artículo por la Dra. María Cristina Rosas González, de la Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales.

Para la experta universitaria, dejar a un lado la política en los Juegos Olímpicos es difícil, “porque siempre va a estar presente, ya sea por medio de los conflictos, como los que tenemos actualmente, o hasta en algo tan simple como la designación de la sede”.

Más allá de los conflictos actuales entre Rusia y Ucrania, e Israel y Hamás —comenta Rosas González—, la influencia política en los Juegos Olímpicos de París, como sucede en general en esta justa deportiva, se hace evidente desde la elección de la sede, ya que hay una “alta preferencia a que los países que están desarrollados los realicen, y eso a su vez es una demostración de poder suave, porque es como decirles a las otras naciones: yo sí apoyo al deporte, yo sí tengo la infraestructura y ustedes no”.

“La FIFA y el Comité Olímpico Internacional hacen distinciones, ya que prefieren a países con una economía estable (los del hemisferio norte) para realizar estos eventos, porque se han dado cuenta de que realizarlos es costoso, y los ejemplos más claros que tenemos son Brasil en 2016 y Sudáfrica en 2010, que padecieron los efectos económicos posteriores tras su celebración”, señaló.

El aspecto político también se puede ver en el medallero, porque, aunque la competencia deportiva es el núcleo, demostrar quién es el mejor representa “una cuestión de imagen, una demostración de poder, de pavonearse y decir: yo sí fomento la activación física y tengo las herramientas para lograr el bienestar de las personas”.

En casa hay problemas

Los últimos meses no han sido fáciles para el gobierno de Francia. Los Juegos Olímpicos de París 2024 representan una oportunidad inmejorable para que Emmanuel Macron fortalezca su figura, que ya está muy desgastada por recientes conflictos internos e internacionales que podrían ensombrecer el evento deportivo.

La experta de la Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales señaló que en los últimos meses se llevaron a cabo diversas protestas porque algunas personas consideran que hay muchas demandas sociales que no han sido satisfechas en diversos ámbitos, incluyendo el laboral, entre otros.

Y agregó: “Cuando sumas esos factores y le añades un poco del descontento social que existe porque el transporte no será suficiente u otros motivos, tienes riesgo de exhibir que no estás cumpliendo con las expectativas de la población y Macron tiene ese reto por delante”.

Conflictos externos a tomar en cuenta

Aunque el pasado 21 de noviembre se firmó la tregua olímpica (que debería iniciarse siete días antes de los Juegos), será necesario que Francia y los países involucrados en la competición estén viendo de reojo los conflictos armados que actualmente sostienen Ucrania y Rusia, e Israel con Hamás, ya que la tregua podría romperse durante el evento.

Rosas González recordó que en 2008, cuando China organizó las Olimpiadas, Rusia atacó a Georgia un día antes de la inauguración. Asimismo, indicó que Rusia también inició una operación militar para anexarse Crimea cerca del final de los Juegos Olímpicos de Invierno Sochi 2014. Dicha anexión se concretó en febrero de 2014.

Hablando de los conflictos bélicos actuales, la universitaria indicó que es muy probable que cuando la delegación ucraniana aparezca se lleve varios aplausos, por la empatía que ha generado Ucrania a nivel mundial tras ser invadida por Rusia. En cuanto a Israel, es posible que ocurra todo lo contrario y haya abucheos. Todavía no se define si los atletas palestinos participarán.

Cuando se refirió a Rusia, Rosas González expresó que hay mucha hipocresía por parte del COI y los países de Occidente al no castigar a Israel de la misma forma. Si bien los atletas rusos podrán participar bajo bandera neutral, “lo ideal sería que participaran en representación del Estado ruso, ya que las cuestiones políticas no deberían influir en lo deportivo”.

Por otro lado, y aunque no se le ha dado tanta difusión a nivel mundial, Francia tiene conflictos en la región de Sahel con Burkina Faso, Chad, Níger y otras naciones africanas que fueron sus colonias, ya que éstas acusan que el país europeo únicamente ve por sus intereses y no les ha ayudado ante los ataques yihadistas que han enfrentado últimamente.

Finalmente, la experta universitaria comentó que en los próximos años será más frecuente ver eventos deportivos con sedes binacionales (e incluso trinacionales), esto debido a los enormes costos que implicar organizar eventos deportivos, pero también con el fin de que los países del sur no se sientan excluidos como organizadores. Sin embargo, los países del norte seguirán teniendo preferencia. (Revista UNAM Global)

https://unamglobal.unam.mx/global_revista/conflictos-y-olimpiadas-de-berlin-1936-a-paris-2024/

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